Revision 1
#83718
Store at -20C
Glutamine Metabolism Antibody Sampler Kit
1 Kit
(8 x 20 microliters)
877-616-CELL (2355)
877-678-TECH (8324)
3 Trask Lane | Danvers | Massachusetts | 01923 | USA
For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.
Product Includes | Product # | Quantity | Mol. Wt | Isotype/Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASCT2 (D7C12) Rabbit mAb | 8057 | 20 µl | 49, 75 kDa | Rabbit |
GFAT1 (D12F4) Rabbit mAb | 5322 | 20 µl | 80 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
GFAT2 (D40C7) Rabbit mAb | 6917 | 20 µl | 78 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
Glutaminase-1/GLS1 (E9H6H) XP® Rabbit mAb | 56750 | 20 µl | 55-65 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
Glutaminase-2/GLS2 (E9C7V) Rabbit mAb | 85934 | 20 µl | 60 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1/2 (D9F7P) Rabbit mAb | 12793 | 20 µl | 52 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
GOT1 (E4A4O) Rabbit mAb | 34423 | 20 µl | 41 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
Asparagine Synthetase (E6C2C) XP® Rabbit mAb | 92479 | 20 µl | 64 kDa | Rabbit IgG |
Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody | 7074 | 100 µl | Goat |
Please visit cellsignal.com for individual component applications, species cross-reactivity, dilutions, protocols, and additional product information.
Description
Storage
Background
GFAT1, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1, is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (7). This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine to glucosamine-6-phosphate and glutamate (8). The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway generates the building blocks for protein and lipid glycosylation (8). Furthermore, studies suggest that increased activity of this pathway is a contributing factor to hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance (7,8). GFAT1 is more active in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients (9). Transgenic mice overexpressing this enzyme in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue show an insulin resistance phenotype (10,11). GFAT2, an isoenzyme of GFAT1, was later identified (12,13). Studies show that the regulation of GFAT2 is different from that of GFAT1, suggesting differential regulation of the hexosamine pathway in different tissues (13).
Glutaminase catalyzes the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, the first and rate-limiting step of glutaminolysis (14). Both kidney-type glutaminase (GLS1) and liver-type glutaminase (GLS2) are found in mammals (15). GLS1-mediated glutathione synthesis plays an essential role in redox homeostasis and contributes to increased survival of postimplantation bone cells preconditioned to the hypoxic and ischemic environment in the bone defect site (16). In addition, KEAP1–NRF2-mutant LUAD (KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma) tumors are dependent on increased glutaminolysis (14). Furthermore, recent studies showed higher glutaminolysis and glucose production from glutamine in human primary hepatocytes with GLS2 gain-of-function missense mutations (17). These findings suggest GLS1 and GLS2 as potential targets in the therapy of bone regeneration and in the treatments of diseases such as cancer and hyperglycemia, respectively (14,16,17).
Glutamate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate through association with the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (18). Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly expressed in various tissues such as the liver, brain, kidney, heart, pancreas, ovaries, and testis. Two isoforms produced by two distinct genes are found in mammalian tissues. The GLUD1 gene is ubiquitously expressed (19), while the GLUD2 gene is specifically expressed in testicular tissues and astrocytes (20,21). Glutamate dehydrogenase links glutamate to the Krebs cycle, thereby playing a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Research studies have shown that changes in glutamate dehydrogenase activity in pancreatic β-cells can cause a hyperinsulinism syndrome (22).
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) catalyzes the interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate (23).
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the synthesis of asparagine from aspartate and glutamine (24). In subsets of gastric and hepatic cancers, ASNS promoter hypermethylation correlates with low ASNS expression, sensitizing these cancers to the asparaginase treatment (25).
Background References
- Utsunomiya-Tate, N. et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271, 14883-90.
- Bröer, S. (2008) Physiol Rev 88, 249-86.
- Bode, B.P. et al. (2002) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283, G1062-73.
- Fuchs, B.C. et al. (2007) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293, C55-63.
- Nicklin, P. et al. (2009) Cell 136, 521-34.
- Marin, M. et al. (2003) J Virol 77, 2936-45.
- Niimi, M. et al. (2001) J Hum Genet 46, 566-71.
- DeHaven, J.E. et al. (2001) Diabetes 50, 2419-24.
- Yki-Järvinen, H. et al. (1999) Life Sci 65, 215-23.
- Cooksey, R.C. et al. (1999) Endocrinology 140, 1151-7.
- Hebert, L.F. et al. (1996) J Clin Invest 98, 930-6.
- Oki, T. et al. (1999) Genomics 57, 227-34.
- Hu, Y. et al. (2004) J Biol Chem 279, 29988-93.
- Romero, R. et al. (2017) Nat Med 23, 1362-1368.
- Aledo, J.C. et al. (2000) Mamm Genome 11, 1107-10.
- Stegen, S. et al. (2016) Cell Metab 23, 265-79.
- Miller, R.A. et al. (2018) Nat Med 24, 518-524.
- Blumenthal, K.M. et al. (1975) J Biol Chem 250, 3644-54.
- Michaelidis, T.M. et al. (1993) Genomics 16, 150-60.
- Shashidharan, P. et al. (1997) J Neurochem 68, 1804-11.
- Zaganas, I. et al. (2012) Neurochem Int 61, 455-62.
- Karaca, M. et al. (2011) Neurochem Int 59, 510-7.
- Zhou, X. et al. (2018) BMC Cancer 18, 559.
- Zhang, J. et al. (2014) Mol Cell 56, 205-218.
- Li, H. et al. (2019) Nat Med 25, 850-860.
Trademarks and Patents
Cell Signaling Technology is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
XP is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
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